Obesity: The Global pandemic Causes and prevention Methods
One of the most serious health issues in the modern world is obesity, which is defined by an unusual or excessive buildup of fat that can have detrimental effects on one's health. The World Health Organization reports that since 1975, the prevalence of obesity worldwide has increased threefold, making it a significant contributor to the onset of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers.
Obesity Defined
The Body Mass Index (BMI), which is determined by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, is one of the most popular ways to measure obesity.
Normal weight: BMI 18. 5-24. 9Overweight: BMI between 25 and 29. 9Obesity: BMI of 30 or higher
Additional categorization aids in determining the severity of the case::
- BMI range for class 1 obesity:30 to 34. 9.
- BMI of 35 to 39. 9 is considered class 2 obesity.
- BMI ≥ 40 defines Class 3 (morbid) obesity.
Obesity Causes
A complicated interaction of psychological, social, hormonal, genetic, and behavioral variables, as well as the adverse effects of drugs, leads to obesity.
1.Psychological Considerations
- consuming too many calories, particularly those from highfat and highsugar foods
- sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity
- inconsistent meal and sleep schedules impacting metabolism
2.Genetic Variables
Weight increase in some people is caused by genes that affect how the body stores fat and utilizes energy.
3.Hormonal imbalance
- Hypothyroidism
- Syndrome of Cushing
- Resistance to insulin
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in women
4.Psychological and social factors
- eating emotionally as a result of stress or depression
- unhealthy eating habits in the family and in social situations
5.Drugs
As a side effect, some medications can induce weight gain:
- Anti-depressants
- Antipsychotic medications
- Drugs for diabetes
- Corticoesteroids
Addressing the underlying causes of obesity while making positive changes to one's lifestyle is necessary for its successful treatment.
Obesity Types
1.Generalized Obesity:
fat is distributed evenly all over the body.
2.Central (Abdominal) Obesity:
Fat accumulation in the abdomen, which raises the risk of cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance.
3.Secondary Obesity:
Caused by medical conditions (such as hypothyroidism) or the side effects of medications.
4.Simple obesity:
Caused by unhealthy lifestyle choices.
Obesity's Consequences
A significant risk factor for a number of severe health problems is obesity:
- Diabetes of Type 2
- High blood pressure
- Diseases of the coronary arteries
- Stroke
- Some cancers (colon, breast)
- Respiratory ailments, such as sleep apnea
- mental health issues, such depression and anxiety
Obesity Treatment with Medications
Patients with a BMI of 30 or above, or a BMI of 27 or above, with obesity-related health issues may be considered for medication if lifestyle changes alone are not enough.
1.Orlistat
lowers the amount of fat that is absorbed by the intestines. Common dosage: 120 mg three times a day along with meals. Negative effects include digestive problems (gas, diarrhea) that necessitate dietary changes.
2.Liraglutide
It was first made for type 2 diabetes, and it helps lower hunger and boost fullness.
3.Semaglutide
A weekly injection of a GLP1 analog. successful at encouraging weight reduction and calorie reduction.
4.Phentermine and topiramate
A combination drug that suppresses hunger.
Keep in mind that medicines should only be used under medical supervision as part of an overall weight management program..
Management of Obesity Through Dietary Approaches
1.A Diet with Fewer Calories
2.Low-Carbohydrate Diets
The ketogenic diet, which restricts carbohydrate intake to less than 50 grams per day while increasing intake of healthy fats and proteins, is one example.
3.Intermittent Fasting
Limits meals to certain windows of time (e. g. , 8-hour eating, 16-hour fasting).
4.Mediterranean diet
Prioritizes fruits, veggies, whole grains, olive oil, and fish. Promotes long-term weight control and heart health.
5.Diets based on plants
It is high in fiber and low in calories, which helps you lose weight.Concentrate on legumes and plant proteins, while decreasing consumption of animal products.
Important: Ideally, a nutrition professional should customize dietary plans to each person's specific health condition and objectives.
Obesity Surgery
Bariatric surgery (such as gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy) may be advised for severe cases (BMI 40 or 35 with complications) in order to lower the stomach's capacity for nutrient absorption or size.
The Gut Microbiome's Role
Recent studies emphasize the gut microbiome's role in controlling body weight:
- Increases the uptake of calories and fat
- Makes antiinflammatory chemicals
- Controls hunger via hormones such leptin and ghrelin
In order to promote a balanced microbiome:
- Eat fiber-rich foods like vegetables and legumes.
- Incorporate probiotics (yogurt, fermented foods)
- Refrain from excessive antibiotic usage
Obesity and Psychological Well-being
Due to low self-esteem and social stigma, obesity can cause depression and anxiety. Emotional eating and lower physical activity, both of which are psychological factors, might lead to obesity.
Psychological support is a crucial component of obesity management, including therapy and counseling.
Prevention and Community Interventions
Community-level measures are necessary for the prevention and treatment of obesity, such as:
- school health education
- Taxes on junk food and sugary drinks
- Controlling how junk food is advertised to children
Modern Worldwide Advice
The following is recommended by the WHO and CDC:
- 20 to 40 minutes of regular exercise
- Keeping daily sedentary time under 8 hours
- consuming five servings of vegetables and fruits every day
- Lowering the amount of extra sugar consumed to less than 10% of daily caloric intake
In summary
In severe cases, obesity is a complicated medical ailment that needs thorough treatment, including health education, behavioral changes, medication, and surgical procedures.
The best strategy is prevention via healthy lifestyle choices, such as regular physical activity and a nutritious diet. Paying attention to mental health and social support is also essential for managing obesity sustainably and effectively, which will improve the quality of life for those who are obese.